Tuberculosis

Please note that the following numbers should be interpreted in the context of COVID-19

1. Key messages

2. Tuberculosis incidence

Belgium is a low incidence country for tuberculosis with 7.6 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2021

In 2021, 875 new cases of tuberculosis were reported in Belgium (7.6 cases/100,000 inhabitants). Men were approximately 2 times more often affected by the disease than women, with 68.2% of new cases occurring among men in 2021 in Belgium. Of all cases, 40.3% of the tuberculosis patients diagnosed in 2021 were aged 25-44 years.

Among the regions of Belgium, the Brussels Capital Region has the highest incidence of tuberculosis

Of the total number of new registered cases, 38.4% of tuberculosis cases were registered in the Flemish Region (n=336), 31.8% in the Brussels Capital Region (n=278) and 29.8% in the Walloon Region (n=261). Considering the number of inhabitants in each region, the incidence rate was 3.2 times higher in the Brussels Capital Region (22.8 cases/100,000) as compared to the Walloon Region (7.2 cases/100,000) and 4.5 times higher as compared to the Flemish Region (5.1 cases/100,000). The incidence rates in the Flemish Region and the Walloon Region were similar, with slightly higher rates in the Walloon Region.

Tuberculosis occurs more often among people with a foreign nationality

In 2021, 62.7% of the new tuberculosis cases occurred among people with a foreign nationality in Belgium. This proportion was higher in the Brussels Capital Region (69.7%) compared to the Walloon Region and the Flemish Region (respectively 60.1% and 58.9%). Among Belgians, the incidence rate was 4.7 times higher in the Brussels Capital Region (10.7/100,000) compared to the Flemish Region (2.3/100,000), and 3.3 times higher compared to the Walloon Region (3.2/100,000). Among non-Belgians, the incidence rate was 1.4 times higher in the Brussels Capital Region (44.8/100,000) compared to the Flemish Region (31.2/100,000), and 1.1 times higher compared to the Walloon Region (41.2/100,000).

The distribution of the incidence by age and sex was different according to nationality in 2021. Among Belgians, the incidence increased with age in men and is higher in men across all age categories. The overall male-female ratio tends to increase with age: the incidence rate was 3.3 times higher in men among people over 75 years. Among non-Belgians, the incidence was highest in age group 15-29 years and lower in older age groups. The incidence rate was 1.9-2.9 times higher in men compared to women across the younger age groups (0-14 years, 15-29 years, 30-44 years, and 45-59 years).

Cases of tuberculosis are more often reported in the bigger cities in Belgium

In 2021, tuberculosis occurred more frequently in big cities where more people at risk are living:

• The incidence in Liège was the highest (23.9 new cases/100,000); it was 3.1 times higher compared to the overall incidence in Belgium (7.6 new cases/100,000).
• The incidence was also high in the city of Brussels (22.8 new cases/100,000), followed by Antwerp and Charleroi (both 16.8 new cases/100,000), and Namur (15.2 new cases/100,000).
• On the contrary, the tuberculosis incidence was lower in the cities of Ghent and Bruges where the rates were similar to the national average (7.6 new cases/100,000).

In 2021, the incidence of tuberculosis remained low

The number of new cases of tuberculosis is decreasing for more than 40 years, although the diminution is slowing down since the nineties and tends to stagnate over the last few years. The incidence rate dropped below the level of 10 cases/100,000 for the first time in 2007, ranking the country among low-incidence countries. In 2021, the incidence rate (7.6 cases/100,000; n=875) remained low and was only slightly higher compared to the incidence rate of 2020 (7.2 cases/100,000; n=830).

Since 1981, the incidence rate is decreasing in all three regions, with more variations in Brussels due to migration flows:

• In the Walloon Region, the lowest rate ever in terms of incidence (5.6 cases/100,000) was recorded in 2020. In 2021, the incidence increased slightly to 7.2 cases/100,000.
• In the Flemish Region, the incidence rate dropped from 5.4 cases/100,000 in 2020 to 5.1 cases/100,000 in 2021, which is the lowest incidence ever recorded.
• In the Brussels Capital Region, the incidence rate decreased from 28.1 cases/100,000 in 2019 to 21.9 cases/100,000 in 2020, which was the lowest incidence ever recorded. In 2021, the incidence increased slightly compared to 2020 to 22.8 cases/100,000.

Despite being a low incidence country, Belgium is ranked third in terms of tuberculosis incidence among EU countries

In 2021, according to World Health Organization (WHO) [4], the estimated incidence rate in Belgium was above the EU-14 average, ranking the country 3rd in the EU-14 after Portugal and Spain.

International comparisons made on reported data must be interpreted with caution, since methods for collecting data are different depending on the country. That is why the WHO Global Task Force on TB Impact Measurement [1] has developed a methodology to take into account under reporting, over and under-diagnosis in tuberculosis estimates. This explains why the incidence rate in Belgium presented in this international comparison is different compared to the incidence rate extracted from the Belgian tuberculosis registry publication.

3. Read more

View the metadata for this indicator

Fonds des affections respiratoires (FARES)
Vlaamse Vereniging voor Respiratoire Gezondheidszorg en Tuberculosebestrijding (VRGT)

Background

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually affects the lungs.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there were 10.6 million new cases of tuberculosis in 2021. The disease is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Belgium is situated among the “low-incidence countries” with less than 10 new cases of tuberculosis per 100,000 inhabitants per year [1].

Tuberculosis can nowadays be effectively treated with a success rate of 82.4% in 2020 in Belgium. In Belgium, treatment is free of charge for the entire population (even for people without health insurance). However, 9.5% of tuberculosis patients still die before the end of treatment (half of these deaths are linked to comorbidity) [2].

The main risk factors for tuberculosis are contacts with infected people, poverty, poor nutritional status and immunodeficiency. Some people are more likely to get infected with tuberculosis since they are more exposed to the risk factors, like health care professionals and vulnerable populations such as homeless people, prisoners and migrants originating from countries with high tuberculosis prevalence.

Data presented in this chapter are extracted from the Belgian tuberculosis registry 2021 report written by the Fonds des Affections Respiratoires (FARES) [2] and the Vlaamse Vereniging voor Respiratoire Gezondheidszorg en Tuberculosebestrijding (VRGT) [3].

The incidence rate is calculated as the number of new cases divided by the number of people registered at the National registry. Incidence rate in non-Belgians is slightly overestimated, as cases in unregistered migrants are counted in the numerator, while the denominator could only include the registered migrants.

Definitions

EU-14

The EU-14 corresponds to all countries that belonged to the European Union between 1995 and 2004: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden. We compare the Belgian health status to that of the EU-14 because these countries have similar socioeconomic conditions. Note: The United Kingdom is not included since they have left the EU.

Tuberculosis case

According to the WHO-recommended definitions [5], a tuberculosis case is defined as a case of active tuberculosis clinically diagnosed by a clinician or other medical practitioner or bacteriologically confirmed. Clinically diagnosed cases include “cases diagnosed on the basis of X-ray abnormalities or suggestive histology and extrapulmonary cases without laboratory confirmation” [5].

References

1. Global tuberculosis report 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240061729
2. Registre belge de la tuberculose 2021, FARES asbl, March 2023. https://www.fares.be/tuberculose/publications/rapports-epidemiologiques/fares-registretbc2021_2hd.pdf
3. Tuberculoseregister België 2021, Vlaamse Vereniging voor Respiratoire Gezondheidszorg en Tuberculosebestrijding VRGT vzw. https://tuberculose.vrgt.be/facts-figures-tuberculose
4. WHO Regional Office for Europe/European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring in Europe 2023 – 2021 data. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2023. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tuberculosis/surveillance-and-disease-data/annual-tb-surveillance
5. Definitions and reporting framework for tuberculosis – 2013 revision, updated December 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. https://www.who.int/tb/publications/definitions/en/

Please cite this page as: Sciensano. Communicable Diseases: Tuberculosis, Health Status Report, 16 June 2023, Brussels, Belgium, https://www.healthybelgium.be/en/health-status/communicable-diseases/tuberculosis